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Most Internet censorship in Thailand prior to the September 2006 military coup d'état was focused on blocking pornographic websites. The following years have seen a constant stream of sometimes violent protests, regional unrest,〔AFP, (Thailand says southern unrest worsening ), 8 March 2011〕 emergency decrees,〔("Thai Cabinet agrees to lift emergency decree in Bangkok" ), Kocha Olam, CNN World, 21 December 2010〕 a new cybercrimes law,〔(Act on Computer Crime B.E. 2550 ), 10 June 2007, English translation〕 and an updated Internal Security Act.〔("Thailand lifts state of emergency, what now?" ), Asian Correspondent.com, Hybrid News Limited, 22 December 2010〕 Year by year Internet censorship has grown, with its focus shifting to lèse majesté, national security, and political issues. By 2010, estimates put the number of websites blocked at over 110,000.〔("Thailand's Massive Internet Censorship" ), Pavin Chachavalpongpun, ''Asia Sentinel'', 22 July 2010〕 In December 2011, a dedicated government operation, the Cyber Security Operation Center, was opened. Between its opening and March 2014, the Center told ISPs to block 22,599 URLs.〔("Over 100 URLs blocked under Martial law" ), ''Prachatai'', 24 March 2014〕 The subsequent 2014 Thai coup d'état has led to further restrictions on Internet content in the country, using the powers of the coup's National Council for Peace and Order.〔(Under martial law, Thai authorities shut down some websites ), ''Prachatai'', 22 March 2014〕 Internet filtering in Thailand was classified as selective in the social, political, and Internet tools areas, and no evidence of filtering was found in the conflict/security area by the OpenNet Initiative in November 2011.〔("Thailand Country Profile" ), ''Access Contested: Security, Identity, and Resistance in Asian Cyberspace'', Ronald J. Deibert, John G. Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski, and Jonathan Zittrain, MIT Press and the OpenNet Initiative, Nov 2011, ISBN 978-0-262-01678-0〕 Thailand is on Reporters Without Borders list of countries under surveillance in 2011.〔(''Internet Enemies'' ), Reporters Without Borders, Paris, March 2011〕 Freedom House, in 2014 awarded Thailand an overall score of 62 ("not free") (0=best, 100=worst) for Internet freedom, citing substantial political censorship and the arrests of bloggers and other online users. ranking it 52 of 65 countries. In 2013 Thailand had been rated as "partly free". == History == Internet censorship is conducted by the Royal Thai Police, the Communications Authority of Thailand, and the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (MICT).〔((Thai) Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (MCIT) ), web site〕 Prior to the September 2006 military coup d'état, 34,411 web sites were blocked by all three government agencies. The cited reasons were as follows: * 60% pornography, * 14% sale of sex equipment, * 11% threats to national security, which includes criticisms of the king, government or military, * 8% illegal products and services, * 4% copyright infringement, * 2% illegal gambling, and * 1% other. Although the great majority of censored sites were pornographic, the list also includes anonymous proxy servers which circumvent web-blocking and provide access to Internet gambling sites. Pornography and gambling are specifically illegal in Thailand. On 19 September 2006, the Thai military staged a bloodless coup d'état against the government of elected Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra. The fifth official order signed by coup leader General Sonthi Boonyaratglin on 20 September, the first day following the coup, was to enforce web censorship and appoint Dr. Sitthichai Pokaiudom, "The Official Censor of the Military Coup", as minister to head MICT. In October 2006, MICT blocked 2,475 websites by "request"; by 11 January 2007, this number had risen to 13,435 websites, a jump of more than 500%. This brought the total number of websites blocked to more than 45,000.〔 All websites are blocked in secret and the criteria for censorship has never been made public by government. However, the MICT blocklist must be made available to ISPs to block. With the enactment of a new cybercrimes law in June 2007 (Act on Computer Crime B.E. 2550), Thailand became one of the only countries in Asia to require its government to obtain court authorization to block Internet content (section 20).〔 Illegal activities under the Thai cybercrimes law include inputting obscene data, forged or false data likely to cause injury to another person, the public, or national security; and data which constitutes a criminal offense relating to national security or terrorism (section 14). Criminal liability is extended to ISPs that intentionally support or consent to these illegal activities (section 15). The law creates civil and criminal liability for individuals who publicly post photographs of others that are "likely to" impair their reputation or expose them to shame, public hatred, or contempt (section 16). Ongoing political turmoil led Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej to declare a state of emergency on 2 September 2008. Upon his declaration, the Ministry of Information and Communications Technology ordered ISPs to immediately shut down around 400 websites and block 1,200 more, all alleged to have disturbed the social order or endangered national security. ICT Minister Mun Patanotai announced on 29 October 2008, plans to introduce an internet gateway system costing up to 500 million baht to block sites considered to promote lèse majesté materials. The Minister said the system could also be used to block other websites considered inappropriate, such as those of terrorist groups or selling pornography, but the ministry will focus first on websites with content deemed insulting to the Thai monarchy.〔("UPDATE: B500m firewall may block 1,000 websites" ), ''Bangkok Post'', 29 October 2008〕 A state of emergency was imposed on 7 April and lifted on 22 December 2010, but the Internal Security Act (ISA), which provides Thailand’s leaders with broad powers unrestricted by judicial procedure, remains in place.〔〔 URLs blocked by court order:〔("Facts & Figures: Netizen Arrests & Internet Censorship" ), iLaw, December 2010〕 : It is estimated that tens of thousands of additional URLs are blocked without court orders through informal requests or under the Emergency Decree on Public Administration in Emergency Situations. Reasons for blocking:〔 : In late 2011, the government announced the creation of the Cyber Security Operations Center (CSOC). CSOC pro-actively monitors websites and social media, and provides ISPs with a rapidly updated blocklist, including postings on Twitter and Facebook. There is no judicial review of the CSOC blocklist. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Internet censorship in Thailand」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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